Ms-05 Solved Assignment 2013

To transfer much(prenominal) figure disc everyplace assignments scold myignou. in MS-05 ferment ASSIGNMENT 2013 Presented by http//www. myignou. in/ Course Code Course statute title Assignment Code Coverage MS 5 Management of Machines and Materials MS-05/TMA/SEM-I/2013 alone Blocks Note Attempt on the only the questions and submit this assignment on or to begin with 30th April, 2013 to the coordinator of your study center. Question 1. The Role of Industrial Eng neeri g M Industrial Eng ne ring is co cerned with the mark, im mastervement and distinguishledge fittedness of combine carcasss f men, actuals and equipment.It draws upon specialized know dg and sk mads i maths matical, physical and social sciences together with the principle and me hods of engineering summary and jut out to specify, predict and re look on the results to be obtained from such remainss. It give the axe on t palpebra pointfore be seen that industrial engineers be deathea vorers of management systems and industrial engineering approach integ reckons variant approaches such as operations research, systems analysis, behavioral science etc. towards the integrated frame of organizations.In this book galore(postnominal) industrial engineering proficiencys volition be gived in various units which help us in demote management of reapingion systems. trading operations Management An Over belief The Role of Models yI Indian macrocosm of Indus ial En ineering (IIIE) has adopted the following definition of Industrial engineering G Methods and proficiencys of scientific managemen hav direful role to play in helping us to give rise rational and logical decisions the context of occupation and operations management.Through scientifi m h ds to ls and techniques of industrial engineering and operations research on with behavioral science we put forward look at all facets of the problems and evaluate the onsequ nces of our serves before arriving at a d ecision. These techniques thu reinforce the s bjective or intuitive judgment and contribute to better management N O The scientific method for Operations management is growing pop arity beca expenditure of wakelesss and services it allows for organizational decisionswhether by b siness or governmentto be formulated beneath to a greater extent rigorous considerations. U Discuss the role of scientific methods in Operations Manageme t. To transfer more cook out assignments lambaste myignou. in Models argon original of systems with a view to explain certain aspects of systems behaviour. Gener supporter a numeric model is preferred in decision-making be start out it tries to explain systems objectives and function in damage of decision variables subject to our control as well as non-controllable parameters receivable to environment or resource constraints etc. Thus a simplify form of a model is E = f (xj, yi) Where E = musical rhythm of effectiveness or objective function xj =Controllable (decision), variable, j = 1 yj =Non-controllable parameter, i =1 m Thus a model provides us a cause-effect alliance so that we terminate evaluate ur alternative courses of action on the basis of our objectives and choose an optim l (best under the circumstances) strategy to exploit our effectivene s Thus mod s provide a rich animal to comp atomic number 18 our options and olibanum improve the q lity of decisions and provide us a better insight into our decision rocess Howe r it must be renowned that models argon a means to achieve an end (bet r decisions) nd non an end in itself.We must choose a simple, valid and logical mo el of the dec ion attitude. A braggart(a) subroutine of model based techniques confuse b en de loped in th subject called Operations Research (OR) which help in mathemat al con eptual sation of m around(prenominal) another(prenominal)(prenominal) decision-making problems relevant to increaseion/opera ions management. whatsoeve r(prenominal) very versatile and strong techniques like linea prog ming queuing theory and simulation have been utilise extensively to st dy various problem atomic number 18as in resultion management. Some of these will be d cribed, though briefly, in get hold of units in this book.The Role of Computers M In a large sized problem, a computer beats a very efficient tool in problem solving and forces rank of alternati es. A b g size linear pro universal gravitational constantming or simulation problem fuel be efficiently puzzle out on omputers. Due to fast developments in computering facilities and a plication oftw be, galore(postnominal) OR models drive out he implemented via computers. Compu rs too ha e tremendous role in management tuition systems to provide us ful, relev nt and seasonable information for planning, observe and co tro f merchandiseion systems-thus providing decision bridge over with informati n.The Role of B havioural Science Since people argon in tact ingredient of our resultion system, understanding of tender behaviour is very principal(prenominal) so that managers potty evaluate the last-place results of their actions on human relations, morale, motivation and re rompivity. Supervisors relationship with his subordinates, organisation structure, one-on-one and group behaviour, work habits and attitude, incentives, vocalizationicipation in decision-making, feat appraisal systems have impact on worker morale and motivation. behavioral science provides us any(prenominal) insight on these aspects and in that respectfore has a role to play in outpution and operations management. I G N O U 2 To down stretch out more solved assignments huckster myignou. in =============================================================== Question 2. Explain the intersection point s election and ramifications involve therein. reaping selection is an ongoing help in any organisation. In accompaniment, as the environment changes, as forward-looking technology is developed and as newborn tastes argon formed, the product should benefit from these developments otherwise what is perceived to have added valuate to mean solar day whitethorn not be perceived as such tomorrow. For example, jute has been in use as a packing sensitive for a long condemnation.However, with changes in technology and consumer taste, the same product is no more perceived to ave added value and therefore, its demand has minify. M Produ ibi ity The product election process is a full(prenominal)ly integrative process. Thus product function, embody, part and reliability atomic number 18 some of the inputs to this decision. The producibility of a product/service measures the solace and the hotfoot with which the output can be elevated. The work equipment, specialize skills and specialised toolings, facilitate in switching w ar from one product to another(prenominal) etc. nd are thus important factors to assess producibility. I t is likewise important to look at the execute range of products produced because a new product may either use the capacity of processes/sub-processes already constituted or may need the plungement of capacity of some processes/sub-processes. A family of-similar products is much yI Product selection is a strategic dec ion, thereby involves other functional areas like foodstuffing, research and dev lopment and as well as well as the top management therein.The operation managem nt function provides vital inputs regarding the labor of the product o se vice in the e decisions making. G Product selection is a strategic decision for any organisati n. Such decisi s a long term decisions and the organisation commits itself to the product/pro ucts selected for a long time to come. What products to produce-in w at form and w th what features-is very important because many other de sions- or example he technology apply, the capacity of the productive system, the locat n of issue fac ilities, the organisation of the fruit function the planning and control systems, etc. re dependent on this. The competitiveness and rofi bility o a firm depend in part on the approach pattern and quality of the products and serv es that it produces, and on the cost of labor. The externalize of a product or service may make it pricy to produce and a change in design may make it possible to duce he same in a slight big-ticket(prenominal) way. Similarly, one design of a produ or serv ce m y petition large and expensive additions to capacity of some pro ess whereas a change in design may make it possible to produce the same with e isting c pacity. N O U A Strategic Decision M yI G N O U To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in The output ideas thus generated are then(prenominal) screened where their match with corporate objectives and policies is studied and their market viability is established. A detailed economic analysis is then fulfilled to determine the pro bable favorableness of the product or service. For non-profit organisations, this takes the form of a cost-benefit analysis. This is followed by development of the product or service from a concept to a tangible entity and last by design and testing.No Smooth Sequence Although Figure I depicts product selection as a sequential process where one stage follows another, in reality, the process may not be so fine-tune as shown. Thus, economic analysis may have to be through with(p) after output development if reliab e cost estimates are not available at the earlier stage. Similarly, new product featur may be added at any of the above stages, thereby initiating a upstanding new beat. Final y as product selection is an ongoing process, there is no finality to the pr cess since as some new product ideas are being processed, still new ideas enter the utput sele tion process and this may go on and on.The product selection rocess herefo en ures a dogging match between what is demanded and what i produced. In some trips, the production process has also to be des gned on w h the product or service. This has to be through with(p), for example, when the m ket viabilit of the product depends on low cost and so the production process h s to be decid d along with the product design. Or take the case of another product whe e it is felt imperative to obtain a large market share right from the in ial l h It may become necessary to establish a large capacity for the production pr cess right from the beginning.The production process has to be design d along with he product in such a case. The previous element highlig ted th fact th an output possibility has to cross several(prenominal) hurdles before it enters e market as a commercial-grade product or service. The new idea mortality curve p esents e same in a graphical manner. Figure II shows the mortality curve for a hypothetical group of fifty chemical product-ideas. Although the p duct id s ar hypothetical, still t he stage-wise mortality as well as the time frame sho n is quite i dicative.Figure II assumes that after park chord years of research fifty po enti chemica product-ideas are available for consideration. Initial scre ning r duces this rate to about fractional and after economic analysis, by the end of year f ur the repress of potential products decreases to nine. The mortality of deas continues over time and by the end of five-and-a-half years, at the completion of he product and process development stages, the number has already fallen to about five.Design and testing reduces this further to about trine and by the end of construction, market development and commercialisation, just about one do product is left.. Figure 11 is based on international experience, and situation in India has not been tested empirically. Thus, the mortality curve should be tack as an indicative proposition in the Indian context. M yI G New-Idea Mortality Curve N O U 5 To download more solved assig nments visit myignou. in M The curve also show that co verting product ideas into marketable products is a slow process.For chemical produc on an average it takes six years to commercialise a product after the ini al research has been deald, as is shown by Figure II. At the end of t all, a product ommerc ally launched may not turn out to be successful and the mortali y may exte d to the product as well. The actual figures in Figure II are only indicative and within an industry firms differ in the speed at which they can convert a product idea into a commercial product. Some organisations are more innovative than others and they are incessantly ahead with more new product ideas.Similarly, some organisations are more risk-taking than others and attach a high priority to being a innovator with new products than others who are comparatively risk-averse and would like to do a more thorough farm out of screening, economic analysis, product development, design and testing and would pe rchance also wait-it-out to see how some others have fared with similar products. =============================================================== yI G 6 N O U To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in Question 3. Define muse Design. How has management viewed pedigree design since the industrial revolution?JOB DESIGN is the process of putting together various elements to form a line of products, bearing in mind organizational and mortal worker requirements, as well as considerations of health, safety, and ergonomics. The scientific management approach of Frederick Winslow Taylor viewed trick design as purely mechanistic, but the later human relations movement rediscovered the importance of workers relationship to their work and dysphoric the importance of bloodline satisfaction. communication channel design refers to the way that a target of capers, or an entire job, is organized. Job design helps to determine.It takes into account all factors which equal the work, and organizes the content and tasks so that he whole job is less seeming to be a risk to the employee. Job design involves administrative eas such as job rotation, job enlargement, task/ railroad automobile pacing, work breaks, and work ng hours. A well designed job will gain a mix of good body posi ons, have re sonable strength requirements, require a reasonable amount of mental activ y and he p foster feelings of achievement and self-esteem. Job design refers to the way that a set of tasks, or an ent e job, is orga ized.Job design helps to determine what tasks are done, how the tasks are done, how many tasks are done, and in what order the tasks are done. It takes into account all factors which ask e work and organizes the content and tasks so that the whole job is less like to be a risk t the employee. Job design involves administrative areas such as job rotation, job enlargement, task/machine pacing, work breaks, and working hours A well designed job ill encourage a v ariety of good body positions, have reasonable streng requirem nts, require a reasonable amount of mental action at law, and help foster feelings of achie ement and self-esteem.In productio and operations, Job design follows the planning and designing of product, process, and equipment. Job design specifies the content of for severally one job and determines how work is distributed within the organization. Management viewed job design since the industrial revolution in the approaches to Job Design USING SOCIO TECHNICAL SYSTEMS in that location are three important approaches to job design, viz. , engineer approach, merciful approach and The Job characteristic approach. engine room woo M yI G N O U To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in The most important single element in the engineer approaches, proposed by FW Taylor and others, was the task idea, The work of every workman is fully think out by the management at least one day in advance and all(prenominal) man receives in most cases complete written instructions, describing in detail the task which he is to accomplish . . . This task specifies not only what is to be done but how it is to be done and the exact time allowed for doing it. The principles offered by scientific management to job design can be summarized thus re arrange should be scientifically studied. As advocated fragmentation and reutilization of work to reap the advantages of specialisation. Work should be arranged so that workers can be efficient. Employees selected for work should be matched to the demands of the job. Employees should be trained to perform the job. Monetary compensation should be used to reward succes ful performa ce of the job. two typecasts of facto viz. ) motivators like achievements, recognition, work itself, responsibility, d anceme t a d growth and (ii) hygiene factors (which merely maintain the employee o th job and in the organization) like working conditions, organisational polici int er-personn l relations, pay and job security. The employee is dissatisfied with the job f maintenance factors to the required class are not introduced into the job. But, the employee may ot be satisfied even if the required maintenance factors are provided. The employe will be satisfied with his job and he will be more productive if motivators are introduced into the job content.As such, he asserts that the job originator has to introduce hygienic factors adequately to reduce dissatisfaction and build motivating factors. Thus, THE stress is on the psychological needs of the employees in designing jobs. The Job Characteristics Approach M yI G The human relations approach r cognised the ed to design jobs in an interesting manner. In the past two hug drug much w rk has been directed to changing jobs so that job incumbents can satisfy th r needs for growth, recognition and responsibilility, enhancing need satisfactio through what is c lled job enrichment. superstar widely publicised approach to job enrichment ses w t is alled job characteristics model and this has been explained separately n the nsuing section. N military personnel Relations Approach O These principles to job design seem to be quite rational and appeal g bec e they point towards increase organisational performance. Specia isation and outinisation over a period of time result in job incumbents meet exper kinda quick y, leading to higher levels of output. Despite the sham gains in fficien y, behavi ural scientists have found that some job incumbents dislike specialised and routin j bs. UThe Job Characteristics Theory orders that employees will work hard when they are rewarded for the work they do and when the work gives them satisfaction. Hence, they suggest that motivation, satisfaction and performance should be integrated in the job 8 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in design. According to this approach, any job can be described in terms of five core job dimensions which are defined as follows (a) Skill variety The degree to which the job requires that workers use a variety of different activities, talents and skills in order to successfully complete the job requirements. b) Task identity The degree to which the job allows workers to complete whole tasks from start to finish, rather than disjointed portions of the job. (c) Task significance The degree to which the job significantly impacts the lives of others some(prenominal) within and outside the workplace. (d) Autonomy The degree to which the job allows workers freedom in planning and scheduling and the methods used to complete the job. (e) Feedback The degree to which the job itself provides workers with lear, direct and understandable knowledge of their performance.M Question 4. =============== =============================================== Discuss the va iation in the approach of planning and controlling of muckle, batch and job shop production. pot production (also called flow production , insistent flow production, series production, or serial production) is the production of large amounts of standardized products on production lines. It was popularized by atomic number 1 crossroad in the early 20th century, notably in his Ford Model T. yIJobs that are high on motivating potential m st be h gh at least in one of the three factors that lead to substantive work an must b hig in both autonomy and feedback and vice versa. These three critical psyc ological sta s lead to the upshot such as (a) high internal work motivation, (b) high gr wth satisfaction, (c) high quality work performance, (d) high general job satisfaction, (e) high work effectiveness and (f) low absenteeism and turnover The odel evidences that internal rewards are obtained by an individual when he learns t at he personally has performed well on a task that he cares about.G N The core job dimensions can be combined int a sin le predicti e index called the Motivating Potential Score. Its computatio n is as foll ws Motivating Skill variety + Task identity + Task signific nce potential = x Autonomy x Feedback score O U All of the job dimensions impact workers psychologically. The irst three dimensions affect whether or not workers view their job as meaningful Autonomy determines the extent of responsibility workers feel. Feedback allows for eelings f sati facti n for a job well done by providing knowledge of results. To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in Mass production typically uses moving tracks or conveyor belts to move partially complete products to workers to perform simple repetitive tasks. This permits very high rates of production. Mass production is capital intensive, as it uses a high proportion of machinery in relation to workers. With fewer cut into cost and a faster rate of production, capital is increased eyepatch expenditure is decreased.However the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line is so expensive that there must be some assurance that the product is to be successful to attain profits. Machinery for mass production such as robots and machine presses have high installation costs as well. Thus, mass production is ideally suited to serve large, relatively homogeneous populations of consumers, whose demand would satisfy the long production runs required by this method of manufacturing. As such, it is not surp uphill that, given a number of other factors, mass producti n first became prevalent in the unify States.One of the descriptions of mass production is that the craftsmansh is in the wo kbench itself, not the training of the worker rather than having a skilled wo ker measu e every dimension of to each one part of the product against the plans r the o her pa ts as it is being formed, there are jigs and gauge blocks that are ready t hand to e sure that the part is do to fit this set-up. It has already been checked hat the finis ed part will be to specifications to fit all the other finished parts a d it w l be made quicker, with no time spent on conclusion the parts to fit one another.This the sp cializ d capital required for mass production each workbench is different and eac set of tools at each workbench limited to those necessary to make one p t. A ch of these parts is uniformly and consistently constructed, interchangeability o components is thus another hallmark of mass produced goods. Mass production systems are us ally organized into assembly lines. The assemblies pass by on a conveyor, or if they are h avy, hung fr m an overhead monorail. In a manufactory for a complex produc rather han one assembly line, there may be many auxiliary assembly lines feeding sub-assemblies (i. . car engines or seats) to a backbone main assembly line. A di gram of a typical mass-production factory looks more like the skeleton of a fish than a sing e line. skunk production i a manufa uring method used to produce or process any product in batches as opposed a conti uous production pro cess, or a one-off production. The base ch racter stic of batch production is that all components are accurate at a workstati n befo e hey move to the next one. Batch production is popular in bakeries and in the manufacture of sports shoes, pharmaceutical ingredients, inks, paints and adhesives.In th manufacture of inks and paints, a technique called a colour-run is used. A colour-run is where one manufactures the lightest coloration first, such as light yellow followed by the next progressively darker colour such as orange, then red and so on until reaching black and then starts over again. This minimizes the cleanup and reconfiguring of the machinery between each batch. White (by which is meant opaque paint, not transparent ink) is the only colour that cannot be used in a colour run due to the fact that a clarified amount of white pigment can adversely affect the medium colours.M yI G N O U 10 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in There are inefficiencies asso ciated with batch production. The production equipment must be stopped, re-configured, and its output tested before the next batch can be produced. Time between batches is cognize as down time. Batch production is useful for a factory that makes seasonal full stops or products for which it is difficult to forecast demand. Batch production has many pros and cons but is effective and used worldwide, in the main by larger businesses on higher profit margins.There are several advantages of batch production it can reduce initial capital outlay because a single production line can be used to produce several products. As shown in the example, batch production can be useful for small businesses who cann t afford to run continuous production lines. Also, companies can use batch production as a rial run. If a retail merchant buys a batch of a product that does not sell then the producer an cease production without having to sustain huge losses. The term Job Shop Production (JSP) describes a m nufact ing e viro ment that produces piece goods in small batches.It is a commonplace manufactu ing environment in small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The inc ming orders oft differ in the number of ordered products, their design, process charac ristics (for example, routeings, operation bear on times, and set up times), or ur ency. Becau of this variation the control of the material flows in this type of compan s is extremely complex. It can hardly be predicted how the production o ers ill be vided across the machines in future periods. A high demand on machines nd varying production orders cause long waiting times of orders on the shop floor.The d rect consequence is that lead times are long and unreliable, whereas nowadays sho nd rel able delivery times are required. Most of the problems in job pro uction a ise fr m the variety of jobs arriving and demanding individual processing equences on the scarce facilities in the job shop. Owing to these factors the jo shop chara erized by the following typical problems complicated and unsystematic material flow patterns large in-process inventorie large waiting times for jobs large completi n times f r jobs unpredictable p ob ms owing o the large variety of tasks M Question 5Discuss the various methods for stores account statement and confirmation systems. Stores Accounting Systems Stores be is important from the point of view of estimating the cost of the product for pricing decisions. The costing of material has to be done both for the materials consumed in the production and estimating the value of materials held in song. For the purpose of costing the response of materials, the factors that should be included yI G N O U 11 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in are material impairment, despatch charges, insurance, duties, taxes, packaging charges etc.The prices quoted and yielded in purchase order may frequentlytimes be stated in various ways such as net prices, prices with discount terms, free on board, cost, insurance, freight, etc. All these factors should be appropriately accounted season costing for the incoming materials. Another important accounting is to be done for the issue to production and of the shops held at the end of accounting period. Let us discuss some of the important and obsessly used system for this purpose a) first in first out System This system known as First in First Out System is based on the boldness that the oldest line of business is depleted first.Therefore, at the time of issue the rate pertaining to that will be applied. There is no profit or loss in the p icing arrangements. The value of the stocks held on hand is the money that has be n p promote for that amount of stock at latest price levels. In case of too many changes in pr e levels the FIFO System becomes unwieldy. Another limitations of is system is at it fails to provide a qualified answer to costing-returns from stores. ) LIFO System This system known a s death in First Out System i based on the assumption that the most recent receipts are issued first As the lastest prices are charged in this system, it leads to lower reported p ofits i the periods of rising prices and this offers savings in taxes. In case of wide fluct tions pric s this system tends to immunise unrealised gains or losses in invento y It has around the same limitations as that of FIFO System. c) Average Cost System This is b sed on the as umption that issues to production department are equally made from different ipmen s in stock, i. . an average cost of freightage in stores is charged t stabili es th cost figures. The average is to be calculated by dividing the total co t with the n mber of items and is to be updated with every new purchase. d) Market judge System This is lso known as replacement rate costing, in which the materials issued are char ed the predominant market rates. This system underestimate e stock n h nd in the case of price increase, where as it overestimates the s ck on han in the case of price decrease. This may in turn lead to musical composition off huge mo t to mak it realistic.Moreover, a continuous monitoring of the ma ket tes for all materials makes the system cumbersome. e) Standard Cost System In this system a detailed analysis of market price and trends is carrie out to determine a standard rate for a fixed period, say six months or so. This standard rate is charged to materials issued during this period irrespective of the actual rate. After the period is over the standard rate is reviewed and updated. This system reflects the efficient use of materials as the fluctuation in rates is not considered in accounting. Moreover, it adds to clerical efficiency as the fresh rates are not to be obtained every time.However, similar to Market Value Approach, this also leads to underestimating or overestimating stocks on hand in case of rising and dropping prices respectively. f) System of Costing the Closing Stock T he general guideline for this purpose is to M yI G N O U 12 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in use market price or stock at cost, whichever is less. The cost of closing stock is governed mainly by price units, obsolescence and deterioration. In rare cases the stock may appreciate with time. Appropriate formulae to account for these factors should be developed keeping in view the past experience.Stock baulk Systems Some discrepancies between the actual and the book balances of inventories are bound to occur despite the diligent store keeping. The process of stock verification is carried out for following purposes i) To reconcile the store records and documents for their accuracy and usefulness, ii) denomination of areas deserving tighter document control, iii) To back-up the balance sheet stock figures, and iv) To minimise the pilferage and two-faced performs. Most companies keep an inventory short and over account to abs b such discrepancies, which is eventua lly closed into the manufacturing overh ads account.Some of the systems of physical stock taking are as follow a) Annual or Periodic Physical Verification In this system the entir inventory is physically confirm at the end of a period, commonly t e accounting period. That is, normally at the end of fiscal year. Stocks are closed f r a fe days This may necessitate the shut down of production operations. th activities such as repair and overhaul of equipment and machinery are r orte A s cial crew of store inspectors and stores verifying officers, unremarkably from the material audit, physically check each item and compare the e tries on bin c rd and stores ledger.This leads to the formation of a list of extra r short ite Dam ged and obsolete items are traced and recorded. This needs o develop a de ailed programme and schedule to complete the verifications storew se and item ise. Top managements sanction can then be sought for penning off defici ncies o valuing surplus. As all t he items are checked at ne time there can be no wonder about any item being left unchecked. b) Perpetual n entory nd Continuous Stock Taking System In case of large firms dealing w th large num er of items the final inventory system may take a lot of time and it may no e possib e to shut down the whole plant.The perpetual invent ry system i a more appropriate method for large plants. In this method the stock ver ficatio is done endlessly throughout the year. Different methods are adopted by ifferent firms for continuous verification. Some firms div de the whole inventory into fifty-two equal parts. Each part is verified every week. Some firms record store balances after every receipt and issue, and a number of items are counted daily or at frequent intervals and checked with the bin cards and stores ledger. Discrepancies found, if any, owing to incorrect entries, breakage pilferage, over-issue, placing of items in wrong bins, etc. are investigated and corrected accordingly. The si gnificant advantages of this system are as follows i) The shut down of the plant is not necessary for stock checking/taking. ii) The method is less costly, less tiring, less cumbersome and hence is more accurate. iii) Discrepancies and defects in stores are readily detected and are not carried over M yI G N O U 13 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in throughout the year. This prevents damages and losses. iv) easy moving stocks can be noted and proper action can be initiated in time. v) The stock items are kept within the limits. ) modest Point Inventory System Some companies take the physical inventory, i. e. the stock level of stores is checked generally when it reaches its minimum level. Question 6. Write ill-considered notes on a) Work Sampling Work Sampling is a investigatory tool. It is a measurement technique for quantit ive analysis, in terms of time, of the activity of operators, machines, or f any observ ble state or condition of operation. This tool is in particular useful when inf rmation urgently needed about men or machines, peculiarly in the analysis f non-r p titive or irregularly occurring activity where no complete method and frequen y description is available.Work sampling can be used to study almost a y type of wor repetitive and non-repetitive, factory or office, executive or supe visory, clerical or ngineering, handlers, salesmen, nurses and what have you. a) Some uses of Work Sampling Work Sampling provides a w y to M yI obtain information bout ei er certain long cycle work or nonrepetitive type of jobs for which it would be clearly impractical to use continuous observ i n methods i dicate if certa activit es should be studied in detail. elp sign the work load distribution in formulating a new work system. tu y any op ration for possible methods improvement. help e tablish job content as an aid to job evaluation and employment purposes. aid supervisors to organise their time. aid appraisal of shop effectiv eness, efficiency, safety performance etc. provide feedback information about compliance to stated management policies. assist in establishing standards of performance. establish controls on labour, material or machine utilisation. G N Work sampling is a method of randomly obs rving k ting state or condition of the object being studied.From the proportions f observations in each category, inferences are drawn concerning th total work ac vity under study. It can be used for fact-finding, work measurem nt and m h ds analysis. O U The object of the observations maybe personnel, equipment or facilities which can be categorised as follows 14 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in Typical categories applied to people are (a) Working (b) world idle (c) Being out of area (d) Walking (e) Handling material (f) Inspecting (g) Changing tools (h) Cleaning up (i) Handling clerical tasks (j) Talking.Typical categories applied to machines/equipments are At work (b) Idle-no operator (c) Idle-no stock (d) Idle-being serviced (e) Idle interference. b) betrothal Sampling credenza sampling uses statistical sampling to determine whether to acc pt or reject a production lot of material. It has been a common quality control techniq used in industry and particularly the military for contracts and procuremen It is usually done as products leave the factory, or in some cases even within the fac ry.Mos often a producer supplies a consumer a number of items and deci on to a cept o reje t the lot is made by determining the number of defective items in a smack from the lot. The lot is accepted if the number of defects falls below where th sufferance n mber or otherwise the lot is rejected. One of the powerful statistical techniques of quality ontrol is Acceptance Sampling. This technique is generally used in those si atio where items are inspected in batches, generally known as lots.The acceptability w l depend on the acceptable quality of the lot, which in turn depends on the u e and the pric you are willing to pay for this quality. Acceptance is based on the infe ence mad from th sample and hence the technique is known as Acceptance Sampling Typically a lo is undertake by its size and the fraction of defectives that are expected to e present ( t the most) in the lot. The principles of statistics are used in the infe nce p cess One of the powerful statist al tech iques of quality control is Acceptance Sampling.This technique is generally sed in those situations where items are inspected in batches, gener l y know as l ts. For example, you may receive a shipment of 10,000 electrical bulbs and y u may ha to decide whether to accept the shipment or return it back to the suppl er. T e accept bility will depend on the acceptable quality of the lot, wh ch turn depends on the use and the price you are willing to pay for this quality. S ppose you decide to accept if the average fraction defective is less than 5 per cent. Th n to ascertain the actual qua lity you may decide to inspect each acid every bulb.Su h a strategy of. 100 per cent inspection, however, may often be expensive and impractical. In such cases a more intelligent way is to use the concept of Sampling Inspection. -c) Value Engineering & Analysis Value Engineering or value analysis is a systematic method to improve the Value of goods and services by using an examination of FUNCTION. Value, as defined, is the M yI G N O U 15 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in ratio of consort to Cost.Value can therefore be increased by either improving the Function or reducing the cost. It is a primary tenet of Value Engineering that quality not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing Value improvements. Value Engineering is sometimes taught within the industrial engineering body of knowledge as a technique in which the value of a systems outputs is optimized by crafting a mix of performance (Function) and costs. In most cases this practice identifies and removes un necessary expenditures, thereby increasing the value for the manufacturer and/or their customers.Value Engineering uses intuitive logic (a unique how why questioning technique) and the analysis of Function to identify relationships that increase Value. It is considered a quantitative method similar to the Scientific Method, which focuses n Hypothesis Conclusion to test relationships, and Operations Research, which uses mod l building to identify predictive relationships. A viable Value Engineering Program is predicated upon an adequa return on investment, typically 1% of total oblige authority for DLA activitie Benefits include Reduced acquisition costs. Reduced life cycle costs.Reduced total ownership costs. Standardization, simplification or el BEST economic value Planning M yI At the Planning stage of developm nt, there are additional benefits to be derived from a Value Engineering shop class. An independent police squad can look backward he rogram Perform a fun ional ana ys is of the installment Ob in the wner users definition of value D fine th k y criteria and objectives for the project Veri y/validate the proposed program Review master plan utility options (e. g. Central Utility Plant versus individual systems) Offer alternative solutions (square footage needs per function, adjacency solutions, etc. Verify if the calculate is adequate for the developed program G VE can be applied at any point in a project can b used in a tractor manufacturing firm also. The main stages of a projec and VE s app cation are described below. N O ina U of o rations or materials. Design This is the stage that most VE participants are used to becoming involved, when the design has at least made it to the schematic stage. The primary tool available to the VE 16 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in team is the Workshoptypically a 40-hour session (or less for littler or less complex projects).The Workshop is an opportunity to bring the design team and clien t together to review the proposed design solutions, the cost estimate, and proposed performance schedule and approach, with a view to implementing the best value for the money. The definition of what is good value on any particular project will change from client to client and project to project. Methodology and Approach During the actual Workshop portion of the VE study, the five-step Job Pl Information mannequin Speculation (Creative) Phase military rating (Analysis) Phase Development Phase (Value Management Proposal Presentation Phase (Report/Oral Presentation) Construction s followed Examples of M Russian liquid-fu l ro ket moto s are intentionally designed to permit ugly (though leakfree) w ldi g Thi reduces costs by eliminating grinding and finishing operations that do not help e mot r function better. Some Nipponese disc brakes have parts tolerances to three millimeters, an easy-to-meet precision. When combined with primitive statistical process controls, this assures tha t less than one in a trillion parts will fail to fit. -d. desolate Management. yI lue Engineering During this phase value engineering is still possible thr ugh the use of Value Engineering agitate Proposals (VECP). Contractors can be p ided onetary incentives to propose solutions that offer enhanced value to the owner, and share in the financial benefits realized. Clearly the owner must c nsider contra tor-generated proposals very carefully, from a life-cycle perspective and a liability p rspect ve.The A/E team must be brought in to the decision-making proces to agr e to he proposed change as not having any negative impact on the overall de ign and buil ing function. The evaluation of a VECP is treated similarly to any cha ge ord r during construction, with issues such as schedule and productivity impacts bei g considered along with the perceived cost savings generated. G N O U 17 To download more solved assignments visit myignou. in M Disposing of thieve in a landfill i volves burying wastefulness to dismiss of it, and this remains a common practice in most countr s.Histo ically, landfills were often established in disused quarries, mining void or acquire pits. A properly-designed and well-managed landfill can be a hygieni and elatively inexpensive method of disposing of waste materials. Older, poorly-de igned or poorly-managed landfills can create a number of adverse envir menta impacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, and generation of iq d leacha Another common byproduct of landfills is gas (mostly composed of methan and carbon dioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down n robical y.Th gas an create odor problems, kill aerofoil vegetation, and is a greenho se gas =======================xxx======xxxx============================ yI G N Waste management practices differ for developed and d veloping na ions, for urban and pastoral areas, and for residential and industrial, produ ers. M nagem nt for non-hazardous residentia l and institutional waste in metropolitan are s is usually the responsibility of local government authorities, while man t for n n-hazardous commercial and industrial waste is usually the responsibil y of the g nerator.Waste management methods for vary widely between are s for many reasons, including type of waste material, nearby land uses, and th area avail ble. O U Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, cycle or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human acti ty, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, aesthet s or agreeableness Waste management is also carried out to reduce the materials effect on the nvironme t and to recover resources from them.